No magic, just research-backed essential nutrients in synergy

A Review by Lucía Méndez and Isabel Medina, published 2021 April 22. Read the full review

"It has been reported that the combination of these nutraceuticals can lead to three-fold increases in glutathione peroxidase activity, two-fold increases in plasma antioxidant capacity, decreases of 50–100% in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and urinary 8-isoprotanes, as well as 50–200% attenuation of common inflammation biomarkers, among other effects, as compared to their individual capacities."

Abstract

Polyphenols and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oils, i.e., eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, are well-recognized nutraceuticals, and their single antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been demonstrated in several studies found in the literature. It has been reported that the combination of these nutraceuticals can lead to three-fold increases in glutathione peroxidase activity, two-fold increases in plasma antioxidant capacity, decreases of 50–100% in lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and urinary 8-isoprotanes, as well as 50–200% attenuation of common inflammation biomarkers, among other effects, as compared to their individual capacities. Therefore, the adequate combination of those bioactive food compounds and their single properties should offer a powerful tool for the design of successfully nutritional interventions for the prevention and palliation of a plethora of human metabolic diseases, frequently diet-induced, whose etiology and progression are characterized by redox homeostasis disturbances and a low-grade of chronic inflammation. However, the certain mechanisms behind their biological activities, in vivo interaction (both between them and other food compounds), and their optimal doses and consumption are not well-known yet. Therefore, we review here the recent evidence accumulated during the last decade about the cooperative action between polyphenols and fish oils against diet-related metabolic alterations, focusing on the mechanisms and pathways described and the effects reported. The final objective is to provide useful information for strategies for personalized nutrition based on these nutraceuticals.

A Review by Mario Pagliaro, Daniela Maria Pizzone, Antonino Scurria, Claudia Lino, Emilia Paone, Francesco Mauriello, Rosaria Ciriminna, published February 2021. Read the full review

"...it is now increasingly understood that natural polyphenols present in marine oils play an essential role in protecting omega-3 lipids from oxidation and autooxidation ensuring that no pro-inflammatory products are formed after intake as it often happens with assumption of refined omega-3 concentrates."

Abstract

Thanks to the pioneering studies of Østerud and co-workers it is now increasingly understood that natural polyphenols present in marine oils play an essential role in protecting omega-3 lipids from oxidation and autooxidation ensuring that no pro-inflammatory products are formed after intake as it often happens with assumption of refined omega-3 concentrates. Strong antioxidants exerting multiple biological functions, olive biophenols are ideally suited to functionalize marine oils creating a synergy which has the potential to foster public health across the world. This study identifies suitable avenues to advance the sustainable production of health-beneficial formulations based on newly obtained natural marine oils and olive phenolic extracts. Important educational outcomes for bioeconomy educators conclude the study.

A Review by Thais Keiko Siroma, David Johane Machate, Verônica Assalin Zorgetto-Pinheiro, Priscila Silva Figueiredo, Gabriela Marcelino, Priscila Aiko Hiane, Danielle Bogo, Arnildo Pott, Elenir Rose Jardim Cury, Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães, Marcelo Luiz Brandão Vilela, Rosângela dos Santos Ferreira, Valter Aragão do Nascimento, published 2021 January 17. Read the full review

"Due to the synergistic actions of the polyphenols and ω-3 PUFAs, some products that are found, like fish and vegetables, and their by-products can potentially improve and control obesity and its RMDs as anti-glucose tolerance, anti-oxidative, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammation, anti-weight gain, hepato-protective, vascular-protective, cardiovascular-protective, anti-hypertension, anti-diabetic effects, thus improving the human health."

Abstract

Obesity is associated with the leading causes of death in the worldwide. On the other hand, the intake of vegetables, fruits and fish is related to the reduction of obesity and other metabolic syndromes. This review aims to highlight the role of ingestion of polyphenols and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in reducing obesity and related metabolic diseases (RMDs). The consumption of vegetables, fish and by-products rich in polyphenols and α-linolenic acid (ALA), as well as oils rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are associated with a decrease in obesity and its RMDs in consumers. Furthermore, we discussed the adequate amount of extracts, powder, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs administrated in animal models and human subjects, and the relevant outcomes obtained. Thus, we appeal to the research institutions and departments of the Ministries of Health in each country to develop a food education joint project to help schools, businesses and families with the aim of reducing obesity and other metabolic diseases.

A Review by Paul R Clayton1, Szabolcs Ladi, published September 2015. Read the full review

"...we believe that there is a strong case, if not a due diligence argument, for moving from purified ω3s to something that more closely approximates to the Inuit diet, combining fish oils with lipophilic polyphenols such as the phlorotannins or secoiridoids."

Summary

While the Inuit diet was highly cardio-protective and consuming oily fish within a Western diet is to a lesser degree, the case for purified fish oil supplements is less convincing. Purification of fish oil removes lipophilic polyphenols which likely contribute to the health benefits of oily fish; leaving the ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids exposed and prone to conferring oxidative and inflammatory stress. The authors believe that due to such issues as dietary shift, it may now be inadvisable to prescribe or sell purified ω3 highly unsaturated fatty acids supplements, unless the appropriate co-factors are included.

An Editorial by Morelli NR, Scavuzzi BM and Dichi I, published 2015 May 14. Read the full editorial

"...the available studies collectively indicate that fish oil and olive oil have complementary mechanisms that result in better effects on than the oils given separately."

Part on the editorial

Venturini et al., 2015conducted a 90-day trial to verify if the combined intake of fish oil and olive oil had synergistic effects on lipid profile and oxidative stress parameters in patients with the metabolic syndrome. The authors found a significant decrease in LDL-C and TC/HDL, LDL/HDL ratios in the group receiving both fish oil and olive oil. The group receiving fish and olive oils also showed an increase in the antioxidant defenses, measured by an increase the total antioxidant plasma capacity and a decrease in the prooxidant state, measured by in lipid peroxidation and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products levels (AOPP). The results indicated a synergistic effect between fish oil and olive oil. The authors associated the decrease in prooxidantmarkers to a decrease in the proinflammatory status provided by the fish oil supplementation in addition to the antioxidant effects of polyphenols present in the olive oil [19].

A Clinical trial by Alair Alfredo Berbert M.D., Cacilda Rosa Mitiko Kondo M.D., Cecília Lisete Almendra M.D., Tiemi Matsuo Ph.D., Isaias Dichi M.D., Ph.D., published 2005 February 19. Read the full review

"Ingestion of fish oil ω-3 fatty acids relieved several clinical parameters used in the present study. However, patients showed a more precocious and accentuated improvement when fish oil supplements were used in combination with olive oil."

Abstract

Objective

This study evaluated whether supplementation with olive oil could improve clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity in patients who had rheumatoid arthritis and were using fish oil supplements.

Methods

Forty-three patients (34 female, 9 male; mean age = 49 ± 19y) were investigated in a parallel randomized design. Patients were assigned to one of three groups. In addition to their usual medication, the first group (G1) received placebo (soy oil), the second group (G2) received fish oil ω-3 fatty acids (3 g/d), and the third group (G3) received fish oil ω-3 fatty acids (3 g/d) and 9.6 mL of olive oil. Disease activity was measured by clinical and laboratory indicators at the beginning of the study and after 12 and 24 wk. Patients' satisfaction in activities of daily living was also measured.

Results

There was a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.05) in G2 and G3 in relation to G1 with respect to joint pain intensity, right and left handgrip strength after 12 and 24 wk, duration of morning stiffness, onset of fatigue, Ritchie's articular index for pain joints after 24 wk, ability to bend down to pick up clothing from the floor, and getting in and out of a car after 24 wk. G3, but not G2, in relation to G1 showed additional improvements with respect to duration of morning stiffness after 12 wk, patient global assessment after 12 and 24 wk, ability to turn faucets on and off after 24 wk, and rheumatoid factor after 24 wk. In addition, G3 showed a significant improvement in patient global assessment in relation to G2 after 12 wk.

Conclusions

Ingestion of fish oil ω-3 fatty acids relieved several clinical parameters used in the present study. However, patients showed a more precocious and accentuated improvement when fish oil supplements were used in combination with olive oil.

Findings:

• Omega-3 and polyphenols work synergistically to lower LDL oxidation and improve HDL function.
• Tocotrienols enhance lipid metabolism and lower triglyceride levels beyond omega-3 alone.

Source: Read the Study (Taylor & Francis, 2014)

Findings:

• Tocotrienols and polyphenols work together to reduce oxidative stress in lipid membranes.
• Omega-3 enhances antioxidant activity, reducing chronic inflammation and improving vascular function.

Source: Read the Study (Frontiers in Physiology, 2021)

Findings:

• Omega-3 and polyphenols significantly lowered inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α).
• Tocotrienols further enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, preventing endothelial dysfunction.

Source: Read the Study (Frontiers in Immunology, 2019)

Findings:

• The combination of Omega-3 and Vitamin E (Tocopherols/Tocotrienols) provided superior cardiovascular protection by preventing lipid oxidation.
• Reduced oxidative stress and improved arterial health compared to single-nutrient interventions.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2023)

Findings:

• Reduced triglycerides, improved HDL function, and decreased vascular inflammation.
• Synergistic effects resulted in greater improvements in lipid metabolism than omega-3 alone.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2020)

✔ Enhances antioxidant capacity, reducing oxidative stress
✔ Lowers inflammation and stabilizes endothelial function
✔ Improves lipid metabolism by lowering LDL oxidation and increasing HDL efficiency
✔ Reduces triglycerides more effectively than omega-3 alone

Findings:

• Vitamin D and K2 work together to regulate calcium metabolism, directing calcium to bones and away from arteries.
• Omega-3 supports endothelial function and reduces vascular inflammation.
• The combination reduces arterial stiffness more effectively than Vitamin D alone.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2024)

Findings:

• Deficiencies in Vitamin D and K2 were associated with higher arterial calcification.
• Omega-3 supplementation further reduced inflammation markers (CRP, TNF-α).
• Participants receiving D+K2+Omega-3 showed better endothelial function and reduced vascular stiffness.

Source: Read the Study (Archives of Medical Sciences, 2018)

Findings:

• Vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption, while Vitamin K2 ensures calcium is deposited in bones, not arteries.
• Omega-3 reduces oxidative stress and improves blood vessel elasticity, lowering cardiovascular risk.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2019)

Findings:

• Omega-3 improves endothelial function, while Vitamin D enhances vascular integrity.
• Reduced endothelial dysfunction markers (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), which are linked to heart disease.
• The combination provided greater improvements in arterial flexibility than either nutrient alone.

Source: Read the Study (Frontiers in Immunology, 2019)

Findings:

• Omega-3, Vitamin D, and K2 improve vascular health by addressing endothelial function, calcification, and inflammation.
• Greater reductions in arterial stiffness were observed with combined supplementation than with individual nutrients.

Source: Read the Study (PMC, 2024)

✔ Prevents arterial calcification by directing calcium to bones
✔ Reduces arterial stiffness, improving vascular flexibility
✔ Supports endothelial function and lowers inflammatory markers (CRP, TNF-α, ICAM-1, VCAM-1)
✔ Provides superior cardiovascular protection compared to individual nutrients alone

Findings:

• Omega-3s play a key role in reducing LDL oxidation, improving HDL levels, and lowering triglycerides.
• Anti-inflammatory effects contribute to plaque stability.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2024)

Findings:

• Supplementation with long-chain omega-3s significantly improved endothelial function.
• Reduced arterial stiffness, supporting better vascular health.

Source: Read the Study (ScienceDirect, 2011)

Findings:

• EPA & DHA both lower triglycerides, but EPA has a stronger effect on reducing inflammation.
• DHA contributes to higher HDL levels.

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2021)

Findings:

• Omega-3 intake reduces arterial stiffness and improves vascular flexibility.
• Strong association between triglyceride reduction and arterial health.

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2021)

Findings:

• Significant dose-dependent reduction in triglycerides with omega-3 supplementation.
• DHA/EPA supplementation increases HDL and stabilizes LDL levels.

Source: Read the Study (American Heart Association, 2023)

Findings:

• EPA & DHA reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering blood pressure, heart rate, and inflammation markers.
• LDL reduction and endothelial protection observed.

Source: Read the Study (Frontiers in Nutrition, 2024)

✔ Reduce inflammation
✔ Lower triglycerides
✔ Improve LDL/HDL balance
✔ Enhance endothelial function
✔ Reduce arterial stiffness
✔ Stabilize heart rhythm

Findings:

• Linoleic acid (LA) was associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
• The study confirmed LA intake improves lipid metabolism and helps balance cholesterol.

Source: Read the Study (Springer, 2024)

Findings:

• Arachidonic acid (AA) plays a role in modulating cholesterol transport and lipid metabolism.
• When balanced with omega-3 fatty acids, AA supports cardiovascular health and inflammation regulation.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2021)

Findings:

• Balanced intake of LA and AA contributed to reduced markers of chronic inflammation.
• LA and AA supplementation were linked to lower levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP).

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2023)

Findings:

• Higher dietary intake of LA was associated with improved lipid profiles and lower cardiovascular risk.
• The study found no negative impact of LA on inflammation, refuting past concerns about omega-6 promoting inflammation.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2023)

Findings:

• AA contributes to endothelial function and supports arterial flexibility when in balance with omega-3 fatty acids.
• Suggested AA plays a regulatory role in lipid metabolism and inflammation modulation.

Source: Read the Study (Cell Metabolism, 2014)

✔ Supports healthy cholesterol levels by lowering LDL and balancing lipid metabolism
✔ Regulates inflammation when properly balanced with omega-3s
✔ Reduces markers of chronic inflammation, such as CRP
✔ Supports endothelial health and vascular function

Findings:

• Palmitoleic acid supplementation significantly reduced C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, and IL-6, indicating its strong anti-inflammatory properties.
• Lowered systemic inflammation, which is a major contributor to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2020)

Findings:

• Palmitoleic acid was shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.
• Associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome and better glucose uptake.

Source: Read the Study (Springer, 2019)

Findings:

• Omega-7 supplementation improved vascular endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability.
• Reduced arterial stiffness, leading to improved blood flow and circulation.

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2023)

Findings:

• Supplementation with palmitoleic acid lowered triglycerides and LDL cholesterol while raising HDL cholesterol.
• It also reduced markers of systemic inflammation, contributing to better heart health.

Source: Read the Study (Taylor & Francis, 2024)

Findings:

• Omega-7 supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in CRP levels, indicating lower systemic inflammation.
• This reduction in CRP levels was linked to improved cardiovascular outcomes.

Source: Read the Study (LWW, 2016)

✔ Reduces inflammation by lowering CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α
✔ Improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic health
✔ Enhances arterial function and blood flow
✔ Supports lipid balance, lowering LDL and triglycerides

Findings:

• Oleic acid helps increase HDL cholesterol and reduce LDL oxidation, improving lipid metabolism.
• Found to lower triglycerides and improve overall cardiovascular risk markers.

Source: Read the Study (Springer, 2025)

Findings:

• Oleic acid reduces the oxidation of LDL particles, a key contributor to atherosclerosis.
• Associated with better endothelial function and reduced oxidative stress.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2020)

Findings:

• A diet rich in omega-9 improved endothelial function, enhancing nitric oxide production.
• Helped reduce arterial stiffness and improved vascular flexibility.

Source: Read the Study (JACC, 2000)

Findings:

• Oleic acid was found to reduce oxidative stress markers and inflammation in cardiovascular tissues.
• Protected arterial walls from free radical damage.

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2023)

Findings:

• Increased dietary intake of omega-9 improved blood pressure, lipid profiles, and vascular function.
• Suggested cardioprotective effects via reduced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.

Source: Read the Study (Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022)

✔ Increases HDL cholesterol, improving lipid metabolism
✔ Reduces LDL oxidation, lowering atherosclerosis risk
✔ Improves endothelial function and vascular flexibility
✔ Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation

Findings:

• Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) derived from omega-3 fatty acids, including 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and 18-HEPE, play a crucial role in inflammation resolution.
• SPMs accelerate the clearance of inflammatory cells, reducing vascular damage in cardiovascular diseases.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2021)

Findings:

• Pro-resolving mediators, including 18-HEPE and 17-HDHA, contribute to the resolution of chronic inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD).
• Studies indicate a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α, CRP, IL-6) after supplementation.

Source: Read the Study (Cambridge University Press, 2017)

Findings:

• 17-HDHA and 18-HEPE improved vascular repair and stabilized arterial plaques.
• Enhanced macrophage-mediated inflammation resolution, reducing plaque rupture risk.

Source: Read the Study (University of Verona, 2021)

Findings:

• SPM bioavailability (including 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and 18-HEPE) increased in patients supplementing with omega-3, correlating with improved endothelial function and reduced vascular stiffness.

Source: Read the Study (UWA Research, 2017)

Findings:

• SPMs reduce systemic inflammation by promoting immune cell resolution and tissue repair, contributing to better cardiovascular outcomes.
• Research highlights SPMs as a novel strategy for managing chronic inflammation-driven heart disease.

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2023)

✔ Actively resolve chronic inflammation, reducing cardiovascular risk
✔ Enhance vascular repair, improving endothelial function
✔ Stabilize arterial plaques, lowering the risk of rupture
✔ Reduce inflammatory markers like CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α

Findings:

• Olive polyphenols significantly improve endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability.
• Showed improvements in arterial flexibility and circulation in individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Source: Read the Study (ScienceDirect, 2021)

Findings:

• High-polyphenol olive oil reduced oxidized LDL cholesterol levels, a major factor in atherosclerosis.
• Demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects, lowering C-reactive protein (CRP).

Source: Read the Study (ACP Journals, 2006)

Findings:

• Olive polyphenols play a protective role against vascular dysfunction by acting as potent antioxidants.
• Reduces systemic oxidative stress, protecting against endothelial damage.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2020)

Findings:

• Polyphenols stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), leading to improved vasodilation.
• Associated with lower blood pressure and better circulation.

Source: Read the Study (OUP, 2024)

Findings:

• The Mediterranean diet, rich in olive-derived polyphenols, is linked to increased nitric oxide production, reduced oxidative stress, and improved lipid profiles.
• Found to improve endothelial function and reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

Source: Read the Study (ScienceDirect, 2020)

✔ Increase nitric oxide (NO) production, improving endothelial function
✔ Prevent LDL oxidation, reducing atherosclerosis risk
✔ Act as potent antioxidants, protecting arteries from oxidative stress
✔ Improve circulation and support arterial flexibility

Findings:

• Vitamin A plays a role in reducing vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, which are key contributors to cardiovascular disease.
• Deficiencies in Vitamin A were associated with higher risks of heart disease due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation.

Source: Read the Study (ScienceDirect, 2023)

Findings:

• Vitamin A contributes to endothelial integrity by supporting the immune system and reducing inflammation.
• Found to protect vascular endothelium from oxidative damage and support immune response in patients with inflammatory diseases.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2020)

Findings:

• Vitamin A supplementation lowered inflammatory markers such as CRP (C-reactive protein) and TNF-α in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors.
• Showed improvements in arterial elasticity and endothelial function in participants with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions.

Source: Read the Study (Nature, 2020)

Findings:

• Higher dietary intake of Vitamin A was associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk.
• Supports immune regulation and reduces systemic inflammation, key in cardiovascular disease prevention.

Source: Read the Study (Frontiers in Medicine, 2023)

Findings:

• Vitamin A helps maintain endothelial cell integrity, reducing the risk of arterial damage.
• Promotes anti-inflammatory pathways that protect blood vessels from dysfunction.

Source: Read the Study (European Heart Journal, 2022)

✔ Reduces vascular inflammation and oxidative stress
✔ Supports immune function, lowering cardiovascular risk
✔ Enhances endothelial integrity and arterial health
✔ Protects against cardiovascular disease by reducing CRP and inflammatory markers

Findings:

• Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, which is crucial for cardiovascular health.
• Supplementation was linked to reduced arterial stiffness and lower blood pressure.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2024)

Findings:

• Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased arterial calcification and cardiovascular risk.
• Regulating vitamin D levels helped modulate vascular calcium deposition.

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2024)

Findings:

• High-dose vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced arterial stiffness.
• Improved endothelial function and reduced markers of vascular aging.

Source: Read the Study (PLOS One, 2016)

Findings:

• Vitamin D supports immune modulation, reducing inflammation that contributes to heart disease.
• Meta-analysis showed a link between low vitamin D levels and increased coronary artery calcification.

Source: Read the Study (JACC, 2021)

Findings:

• Vitamin D helps maintain vascular integrity and endothelial function.
• Reduced oxidative stress in the arteries, promoting better circulation.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2021)

✔ Regulates calcium metabolism, preventing vascular calcification
✔ Reduces arterial stiffness, improving blood flow
✔ Supports immune modulation, reducing cardiovascular inflammation
✔ Enhances endothelial function and vascular health

Findings:

• Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol and delta-tocotrienol) reduced oxidative stress and improved endothelial function.
• Tocotrienols were more effective in lowering inflammation and oxidative damage in cardiovascular patients.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2021)

Findings:

• Alpha-tocopherol and delta-tocotrienol prevent LDL oxidation, reducing atherosclerosis risk.
• Tocotrienols were found to be more effective at reducing lipid peroxidation markers than tocopherols.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2022)

Findings:

• Tocotrienol supplementation restored endothelial function and improved vascular flexibility.
• Reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) and other inflammatory markers in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Source: Read the Study (Semantics Scholar, 2016)

Findings:

• Delta-tocotrienol is the most potent form of vitamin E for cardiovascular protection, reducing markers of oxidative stress and inflammation.
• Improved cholesterol profiles and reduced triglyceride levels.

Source: Read the Study (Taylor & Francis, 2022)

Findings:

• Vitamin E supplementation reduced systemic oxidative stress, protecting endothelial function.
• Tocotrienols had stronger antioxidant effects than tocopherols.

Source: Read the Study (Nature, 2020)

✔ Acts as a powerful antioxidant, reducing oxidative stress in arteries
✔ Prevents LDL oxidation, lowering atherosclerosis risk
✔ Supports endothelial function, improving vascular flexibility
✔ Reduces inflammatory markers like CRP, protecting heart health

Findings:

• Vitamin K2 supplementation was linked to reduced arterial calcification and better cardiovascular outcomes.
• Higher dietary intake of Vitamin K2 was associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2021)

Findings:

• Vitamin K reduces vascular calcium deposition, preventing stiffening of arteries.
• Strong evidence supporting K2’s role in maintaining arterial flexibility and reducing calcification.

Source: Read the Study (Elsevier, 2022)

Findings:

• Supplementation with Vitamin K2 improved vascular elasticity by preventing calcium buildup in arteries.
• Participants receiving K2 showed lower progression of arterial calcification.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2023)

Findings:

• Vitamin K supplementation significantly reduced arterial stiffness and improved endothelial function.
• Protective effects were most pronounced in patients with high cardiovascular risk.

Source: Read the Study (Taylor & Francis, 2017)

Findings:

• Vitamin K2 actively directs calcium to bones instead of arteries, reducing cardiovascular risk.
• Demonstrated a role in preventing calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Source: Read the Study (MDPI, 2020)

✔ Regulates calcium deposition, directing it to bones instead of arteries
✔ Prevents vascular calcification, maintaining arterial flexibility
✔ Reduces cardiovascular risk by improving arterial health
✔ Enhances endothelial function, protecting against arterial stiffness